WHAT THE HELL DO THEY TELL ME???
MuL14. i hate it kasi i think napagalitan ako ni sir. i was just pointing my notebook to mayie to remind her of philo because what we were discussing in mul awhile ago was thesame as what we've discussed in philo. darn. oh well. i guess i'm just too sensitive.
MuP 30 PNO. i need a piano. period. i won't go to trinoma hangga't di ko pa tapos ung pieces ko.
(the boys here are rowdy. bastos. ngayon lang nakakita ng babae.)
MuEd140. i need a bandurria. *memories* haha.
and a person that Marga and I was talking about kanina. i thought ako lang nakanotica that he was touchy feely. tsk2. life. iwas na lang.
anyway, just watch
![[info]](http://l-stat.livejournal.com/img/userinfo.gif){kind=small}
hoolabahoop's video. hot. enjoy :DYour Score: Isaac Mendez
You scored 25 Idealism, 41 Nonconformity, 45 Nerdiness
Congratulations, you're Isaac Mendez! You're a talented, creative, artistic soul with a few demons you've been working to overcome. You are really passionate person and you are not afraid to express yourself or your emotions.
Your best quality: Creativity and artistic talent.
Your worst quality: A possibly addictive or indulgent personality
| Link: The Heroes Personality Test written by freedomdegrees on OkCupid Free Online Dating, home of the The Dating Persona Test |
| You scored as Visual&PerformingArts. You should strongly consider majoring (or minoring) in the Visual or Performing Arts (e.g., Art, Art Education, Art History, Ceramics, Culinary Arts, Dance, Drawing, Fashion Design, Film, Graphic Design, Interior Design, Marketing (advertising), Music, Music Education , Music Theory, Painting, Photography, Theatre). It is possible that the best major for you is your 2nd, 3rd, or even 5th listed category, so be sure to consider ALL majors in your OTHER high scoring categories (below). You may score high in a category you didnt think you would--it is possible that a great major for you is something you once dismissed as not for you. The right major for you will be something 1) you love and enjoy and 2) are really great at it. Consider adding a minor or double majoring to make yourself standout and to combine your interests. Please post your results in your myspace/blog/journal.
WHAT MAJOR IS RIGHT FOR YOU? created with QuizFarm.com |
oh db? :D
- Music:rainbow- south border
xet. movement 1 plang yan.
may 3 movements pa.
kelangan ko matutunan ang piano accompaniment niyan!!!!!
T,T
sana kayanin ko. :D
- Music:violin concerto in a
 Mikaela Irene Fudolig – BS Physics Speech at the Commencement Exercises, UPD April 22, 2007 One of the things that strike me as being very “UP Diliman” is the way UPD students can’t seem to stay on the pavement. From every street corner that bounds an unpaved piece of land, one will espy a narrow trail that cuts the corner, or leads from it. Every lawn around the buildings sports at least one of these paths, starting from a point nearest to the IKOT stop and ending at the nearest entry to the building. The trails are beaten on the grass by many pairs of feet wanting to save a fraction of a meter of traveling, no matter that doing so will exact some cost to the shoes, or, to the ubiquitous slippers, especially when the trails are new. What do these paths say about us, UP students? One could say that the UP student is enamored with Mathematics and Pythagoras, hence these triangles formed by the pavement and the path. Many among you would disagree. Others could say that the UP student is naturally countercultural. And the refusal to use the pavement is just one of the myriads of ways to show his defiance of the order of things. This time, many would agree. Still, others will say that the UP student is the model of today’s youth: they want everything easier, faster, now. The walkable paths appeal to them because they get to their destination faster, and presumably, with less effort. Now that is only partly true, and totally unfair. These trails weren’t always walkable. No doubt they started as patches of grass, perhaps overgrown. Those who first walked them must have soiled their shoes, stubbed their toes, or had insects biting their legs, all in the immovable belief that the nearest distance between two points is a straight line. They might even have seen snakes cross their paths. But the soiled footwear, sore toes, and itchy legs started to conquer the grass. Other people, seeing the yet faint trail, followed. And as more and more walked the path, the grass gave in and stopped growing altogether, making the path more and more visible, more and more walkable. The persistence of the paths pays tribute to those UP students who walked them first – the pioneers of the unbeaten tracks: the defiant and curious few who refuse the familiar and comfortable; the out-of-the-box thinkers who solve problems instead of fretting about them; the brave who dare do things differently, and open new opportunities to those who follow. They say how one behaved in the past would determine how he behaves in the future. And as we leave the University, temporarily or for good, let us call on the pioneering, defiant, and brave spirit that built the paths to guide us in this next phase of our life. We have been warned time and again. Our new world that they call “adulthood” is one that’s full of compromises, where success is determined more by the ability to belong than by the ability to think, where it is much easier to do as everyone else does. Daily we are bombarded with so much news of despair about the state of our nation, and the apparent, perverse sense of satisfaction our politicians get from vilifying our state of affairs. It is fashionable to migrate to other countries to work in deceptively high-paying jobs like nursing and teaching, forgetting that even at their favored work destinations, nurses and teachers are some of the lowest paid professionals. The lure of high and immediate monetary benefits in some low-end outsourcing jobs has drawn even some of the brightest UP students away from both industry and university teaching to which they would have been better suited. Like the sidewalks and pavement, these paths are the easiest to take. But, like the sidewalks and pavement, these paths take longer to traverse, just as individual successes do not always make for national progress. The unceasing critic could get elected, but not get the job done. The immigrant could get his visa, but disappear from our brainpower pool. The highly paid employee would be underutilized for his skills, and pine to get the job he truly wants, but is now out of his reach. And the country, and we, are poorer because of these. Today, the nation needs brave, defiant pioneers to reverse our nation’s slide to despair. Today, we must call upon the spirit that beat the tracks. Today, we must present an alternative way of doing things. Do NOT just take courage, for courage is not enough. Instead, be BRAVE! It will take bravery to go against popular wisdom, against the clichéd expectations of family and friends. It will take bravery to gamble your future by staying in the country and try to make a prosperous life here. It might help if for a start, we try to see why our Korean friends are flocking to our country. Why, as many of us line up for immigrant visas in various embassies, they get themselves naturalized and settle here. Do they know something we don’t? Do NOT just be strong in your convictions, for strength is not enough. Instead, DEFY the pressure to lead a comfortable, but middling life. Let us lead this country from the despair of mediocrity. Let us not seek to do well, but strive to EXCEL in everything that we do. This, so others will see us as a nation of brains of the highest quality, not just of brawn that could be had for cheap. Take NOT the road less traveled. Rather, MAKE new roads, BLAZE new trails, FIND new routes to your dreams. Unlike the track-beaters in campus who see where they’re going, we may not know how far we can go. But if we are brave, defiant searchers of excellence, we will go far. Explore possibilities, that others may get a similar chance. I have tried it myself. And I’m speaking to you now. But talk is cheap, they say. And so I put my money where my mouth is. Today, I place myself in the service of the University, if it will have me. I would like to teach, to share knowledge, and perhaps to be an example to new UP students in thinking and striving beyond the limits of the possible. This may only be a small disturbance in the grass. But I hope you’ll come with me, and trample a new path. Good evening, everyone. |
- Mood:
bored
if paper cranes could fly away,
i'll send them to neverland...
and let them be lost forever.
silent tears sink to the bottom of the ocean,
be gone forever, saline drops.
quite okay.
an unofficial uno in music lit.
ok!
and a 1.25 in theory...
5 units!!!!!!!!!
weeeehhh!
now i can enjoy summer...
(oooh, wait...my voice and chorus class... one unit subjects...care? wah!!!)
- Mood:
wah! XD
demasiado pronto.
that's how i call it...
todo es demasiado rapido.
or, am i just too slow?
apenas hace un mes, sangraba.
now, i'm back to vitality. i guess.
hace cinco meses, tenia esta misma sonrisa.
i hope five months from now, i will still have this smile.
si usted mi espera,
it might be a si.
hasta que soy dieciocho?
what a cliche. wait for legality.
apenas deseo ver si usted es absolutamento sincero.
wait. i know. after the one thousandth tsuru.
sera si.
hopefully.
WOW.
what could i say?
boys will be boys.
"Nay, 7 am daw dapat asa school na!!!"
My brother kept ranting because their adviser told them that the assembly time was 7 am.
"Anak, ilang taon na akong teacher. Alam kong hindi 7 am yang 7 am nila."
She was right. 7 am meant 8 am. "Filipino" time.
upon arriving at Marist, the paparazzi took shots of my brother. how i wish MARGA was there. God, they don't know how to take shots.
my mom and i were seated near the aisle so we had a good chance of taking photos. damn camera. poor quality. hahaha.
in my alma mater, the processional was according to section and alphabetically arranged. in Marist, it was by heights. we had to wait for my brother. he was somewhere in the average section.
then the faculty. waaah. i saw his math teacher again, a former maristian. :D hehe. i took a photo pero may humarang na teacher. boobs pa ung nafocus. darn.
baccalaureate mass followed. the homily was good. grabe. sapul sa mga graduates. i was touched when the "peace be with you" time came; father asked the boys to come to their parents. wah. little men hugging and kissing their moms and dads. what a moving scene (:
after the mass was theconferring of diplomas to the graduates. ang weird kasi by heights. oh well. different schools, different SOPs.
it was really funny to see my brother storm across the stage. he was bouncing while walking towards Brother Pat to receive his diploma. my sister texted me, saying: angas ah. xp and as he was walking back to his seat, he raised his diploma, showing it to his classmates. parang wrestler. hehe.
blah blah blah. awards awards awards. the club awardees weren't announced so i had nothing to look forward to.
then the gradutaion song time came. oooh.
So hold on to your dreams... you can make it happen!
...
you don't give up the fight...we'll make it through the night...
(as i was typing the lyrics, i was teary-eyed again...)
it is unusual for boys to sing so angelic and innocently. i set aside my musical criticisms for that moment (and for a boys' school, their blending was good enough....)
i was looking at my brother, as he blew his hair while singing with choreography. awww... i rarely see my brother like that. *sniffsniff*
my parents didn't cry. obviously, i did, like in my sister's grade school graduation. yay. hahaha.
after the recessional, there was a sort of reunion at the back of the Covered Court.
Tita Rissa, Ninang Odess, and my mom were all there. they were co-teachers at Saint Scholastica's Academy Marikina a decade ago. And co-incidentally, their youngest children, all boys, were studying in the same school. awww... picture time :D
after the photo session, we went to Red Ribbon to eat. what could i say about red ribbon? CAKES ARE DELICIOUS. cakes lang. expensive masyado. joke. hehe.
finally, we got home. all i did was to sleep. i love the feeling of sleeping...
and before i shut my eyes, there was a smile left on my face....
...good night ate anna.. haha...
:)
There are just times when
people
don't
click.
like now.
fake concern.
i dunno.
just too sweet.
i guess.
and in return,
a
sarcastic
reply.
oh well,
life
is
life.
what could i do?
i'm just a
teeny weeny
part
of it.
chapel hours. SC. MuT10. Mocha Freeze. AHA steps.
Freshie Show.
Jorem.Sunken.Kit.Jeff.
Ralph.Mayie.
SM North. Arcade.
Sosyalan.
Winds. Ate Crystal.
Catholic Doctrine Class.Ate Helena. Ma'am Sherla.
Melsky's debut. McDo.
Marga. Gangsa craze.
AILM. Sir Eudi
. Math1.Toki.BM Buddies.
Colored hair.Camera whores.Camerata.
MuL11. Ma'am Balan and Guian.
Sir John Em.Bach.Piano-less.Accelerate.Sana.Ma'am Gonzales.
Karaoke addicts.
Intramuros.
Bifee. Bitter buddies
.Kuya Mark.Ate Arnel.Sophie Friends.
Gafas Boys.
Kuya Bogz.Signature Campaign.Sir Baes.
Singko Solfege.Uno Theory.
1.75.Geol 1 crisis.Nonoy.Deja vou.Diogenes.Tintin.Noah's Ark.
Katrielle.Havaianas.
"tae ka lang?"joke.
Tambay majors.Ate JJ.
Music Ed.Carolling.
Voice Royalties.
Knight Rupert.
Kayle.
Kato.UPSA thoughts.
Pressure.
Freedom.
UP.
Freshman.
Life.
of.
Patö
ng taong inis sayo:
01. ang arte mo!
-- pero hindi ako malandi. ikaw?
02. mas matalino naman ako sayo!
-- weh? ano school mo?
03. crush ako ng crush mo?
-- so? mas madami may crush sakin kaysa sayo. >:P
04. ang bobo mo pala sa math!
-- talaga? ask my AA teacher.
05. bilisan mo naman!
-- teka! excited?
06. ang taray mo!
-- hehe. :D
07. gusto mo ng away?
-- tara! upakan na!
08. takot ka ata sakin eh?
-- ewan ko. sino ka ba?
09. mas mahal niya ko!
-- oh? bakit mahal ko ba siya?
10. ang bababa na naman ng mga grades
mo!
-- weh? patingin card!
-anong sasabihin mo pag sinabi sayo to
ng crush mo:
01. crush kita.
-- weeh? hehe.
02. hindi kita mahal.
-- alam ko.
03. mahal na kita.
-- :X
04. pakopya naman ng assignment.
-- lagi naman eh. ala na kong magagawa.
05. crush ko un friend mo.
-- gusto molakad kita? *sabay batok*
06. pwedeng patabi sa upuan?
-- sige.
07. pwede ba kitang isayaw?
-- ng?
08. feeling ko may crush ka sakin.
-- talaga? pwes ngayon. HINDI na.
09. bakit ang bait mo sakin?
-- ayaw mo?
-anong sasabihin mo pag sinabi sayo to
ng magulang mo:
01. umuwi ka ng maaga.
-- lagi naman ah.
02. buti pa yang kapatid mo ang sipag
mag-aral.
-- ha? mali ata kayo ah. ako un. hindi siya. (based on true events...)
03. matulog ka ng maaga.
-- ok. (sabay text sa ilalim ng unan.)
05. ok na ba sau ang P 30.00 n baon?
-- ok. pero hindi na ko uuwi sa bahay.
06. maglinis ka ng bahay,maghugas ka
ng pinggan at magdilig ka ng halaman.
-- weekends lang. kasi mapapasma ako.
07. mag-aral ka ng mabuti ha?
-- opo.
08. nung kasing tanda mo ko ang baon
ko piso lang!
-- sige. magtitipid na. sorry naman. andami ixexerox.
09. dapat ganto ka, katulad niya.
-- ah.ok.asan ang resources ko?
10. pagsinabi kong hindi pwede..hindi
pwede..
-- ok. T,T
-anong sasabihin mo pag sinabi sayo to
ng teacher mo:
01. bagsak ka na naman!
-- na naman? weh? hindi pa nga eh. (lol.)
02. ibabagsak kita sa major subject mo!
-- anong dahilan mo?
03. sasampalin kita eh!
-- magulang ko nga hindi ako sinasampal eh.
04. late ka na naman!
-- wala kasing toki.
05. magaling ka palang sumayaw.
-- pero hindi ako nagdance club.
06. hindi ka na pwedeng pumasok sa
klase ko.
-- but why sir/ma'am?
07. kailangan kong makausap ang
magulang mo.
-- bakit po?
08. ang makita kong mangopya 60 na ha?
-- ok. (hindi affected)
09. buti pa ang kabilang section
nanalo.
-- eh kasi madaya ang judges. may favoritism.
10. hindi ka nakikinig kaya wala kang
alam.
-- how can you justify that? we have different styles of listening.
it feels nice when someone visits you while playing your Knight Rupert, though i made a lot of accidental accidentals.
(knight in shining armor? nah. maybe. :X )
or when someone accompanies you to go to the jeepney terminal.
weeeh. i hope i don't get stuck in this feeling.
after five months of heart hemorrhage, i think I'm already back to be in the pink of health.
saint valentine is delayed 20 days. but it's quite alright.
:X
- Mood:
hehe :X - Music:eine kleine nachtmusik
In making musical instruments, measurements have to be precise (except for some indigenous instruments, like the kulintang set of gongs where no two sets have the same set of pitches) in order for the instruments to sound uniform.
We like to concentrate on the instruments we are most familiar with: the piano (Marie-Luise and Anna Patricia) and the violin family (Julienne – violin).
The Piano
The piano is a keyboard musical instrument in which sounds are made by strings struck by small padded hammers. Among the musical instruments, the piano is the most versatile. It produces a great range of sounds. Melody and harmony can be played at the same time. It can be played with a variety of dynamics (from pianississimo to fortississimo) and style (from legato to staccato).
Its predecessors, the harpsichord, clavichord, and dulcimer, were similar to the piano in terms of how it is played. The pianist uses his fingers to touch the keys in order to produce sound. The difference of the piano is that the sound can be varied depending on how the pianists wants it to sound. This is because of Bartolomeo Cristofori's modification of the early pianoforte. Today's modern piano consists of the following parts.
Parts of a Piano
A standard piano has seven main parts:
1.strings,
2.keyboard,
3.action,
4.pedals,
5.frame,
6.soundboard,
and
7.case.
In almost all pianos, the strings are made of steel. Most pianos have more than 220 strings, each tuned to one of 88 pitches. (commonly,a1 or la above middle C is tuned to 440 cp) The strings vary in length from 6 to 80 inches. The longest strings are the lowest in pitch (leftmost side) and form the bass section. The shortest strings are the highest in pitch (right side) and form the treble section.
The pitch is also determined by the number of strings, the thickness, and tension (tightness). About 58 tones, the unisons, have 3 strings each while the rest have 2. Heavy strings are for low tones, while the light strings for the high ones. Loosening a string lowers its pitch while tightening it raises the pitch.
A standard piano keyboard has 88 keys, 36 are black and 52 are white. Black keys are shorter and thicker than the white ones.
The action is an elaborate system of mechanical device that transmit motion from the keyboard to the strings. The pianist starts the action by striking a key, which causes a system of levers to move a hammer (made of wood and covered with felt). The hammer strikes the string, which vibrates and produces a tone. When the key is released, a device called the damper presses against the strings and stops is movement. The action of the piano consists of 4000 parts, most of which are made of wood.
The pedals are located below the keyboard at the bottom of the piano. They are used to vary the quality of the tones played.
The damper pedal (on the right) lifts all the dampers, allowing the strings that are struck to vibrate freely. This is used to connect tones in legato style of playing or those that belong to a certain chord.
The sostenuto pedal (middle) keeps raised any damper that was raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain some notes) while the player's hands are free to play other notes. This can be useful for musical passages with pedal points and other otherwise tricky or impossible situations. The sostenuto pedal was the last of the three pedals to be added to the standard piano, and to this day, many pianos are not equipped with a sostenuto pedal.
Many uprights and baby grands have a bass sustain in place of the sostenuto pedal, which lifts all the dampers in the bass. It works like the damper pedal, but only affects the lowest notes.
The soft pedal (on the left) shifts all the hammers, making each hammer strike the string less. This is used to soften the tone produced.
A piano requires a strong frame to support the tremendous tension created by the stretched strings. The frame is made of cast iron. It is advantageous for the plate to be quite massive. Since the strings are attached to the plate at one end, any vibrations transmitted to the plate will result in loss of energy to the desired channel of sound transmission, namely the bridge and the soundboard. Some manufacturers now use cast steel in their plates, for greater strength It withstands the strain of 220 strings exerting a total pull of 35,000 to 40,000 pounds.
The soundboard is a thin sheet of wood that helps reinforce the sound created by the strings. It is generally made of spruce or any light wood. Spruce is chosen for its high ratio of strength to weight.
Most pianos have a wooden case, which covers the strings, action, frame, and the soundboard. It must be strong enough to support the weight of the piano.
Kinds of Piano
1.Grand Piano
Concert Grand - largest and most expensive (9 feet long)
Parlor Grand - 5 to 6 feet long; for smaller spaces
Baby Grand - 5 to 6 feet long; for smaller spaces
2.Upright/ Vertical Pianoforte
Spinet - 36 – 38 inches high
Console - 36 – 40 inches high
Studio - 45 – 50 inches high
3.Player Piano – by Henri Fourneaux.
a kind of piano which "plays itself" from a piano roll without the need for a pianist
4.Prepared Piano
simply a standard grand piano which has had objects placed inside it before a performance in order to alter its sound
5.Digital Piano
The Violin Family
The violin family consists of the violin, viola, and the violoncello (or cello). These instruments are played mainly with the use of a bow. Sometimes, it is played by plucking (pizzicato style of playing).
The violin is the most popular and smallest member of the violin family. It is a descendant of three types of current instruments: the rebec, in use since the 10th century (itself derived from the Arabic rebab), the Renaissance fiddle, and the lira da braccio.
It is a special kind of box that amplifies the sound of the strings stretched across it (four strings tuned in perfect fifths). The first (E) string (highest pitch-- rightmost) is made of steel. The second (A) string and the third (D) string are made of plain catgut, a material made from sheep intestine. The fourth (G) string is generally made of gut covered with silver or copper wire.
The arched shape, the thickness of the wood, and its physical qualities govern the sound of a violin. Its belly (front) is made of soft pine (or spruce) and maple (or sycamore) for the ribs (sides) and the back. The head (scroll and pegbox) and neck are made of maple. F-holes are cut in the belly to allow the escape of sound. The fingerboard and tailpiece are made of ebony- and extremely hard wood- to make the parts durable. The violin is made by gluing the parts—no nails, no screws.
There are different sizes of violin. Children typically use smaller instruments than adults. Violins are made in so-called "fractional" sizes: Apart from full-size (4/4) violins, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16; even 1/32-sized instruments exist, the smaller ones mainly made for younger players. Extremely small sizes were developed along with the Suzuki program for young violinists.
These fractional sizes have nothing to do with the actual dimensions of an instrument; in other words, a 3/4-sized instrument is not three-quarters the length of a full size instrument. The body length (not including the neck) of a "full-size" or 4/4 violin is about 14 inches (35 cm), smaller in some 17th century models. A 3/4 violin is about 13 inches (33 cm), and a 1/2 size is approximately 12 inches (30 cm).
A violin is usually played using a bow consisting of a stick with a ribbon of horsehair strung between the tip and frog (or nut, or heel) at opposite ends. A typical violin bow may be 29 inches (74.5 cm) overall, and weigh about 2 oz. (60 g).
At the frog end, a screw adjuster tightens or loosens the hair. Just forward of the frog, a leather thumb cushion and winding protect the stick and provide grip for the player's hand. The winding may be wire, silk, or whalebone (now imitated by alternating strips of yellow and black plastic.) Some student bows (particularly the ones made of solid fiberglass) substitute a plastic sleeve for grip and winding.
The hair of the bow traditionally comes from the tail of a gray male horse, although some cheaper bows use synthetic fiber. Occasional rubbing with rosin makes the hair grip the strings intermittently, causing them to vibrate. The stick is traditionally made of brazilwood, although a stick made from this type of wood which is of a more select quality (and higher price) is referred to as pernambuco wood (both types are taken from the same tree species).
The viola serves as the middle voice of the violin family, between the upper lines played by the violin and the lower lines played by the cello and double bass.
The casual observer may mistake the viola for the violin because of their similarity in size, closeness in pitch range (a perfect fifth separates the two), and identical playing position (both rest on the left shoulder). However, the viola's timbre sets it apart: its rich sonority, dark-toned and earthy, is more full-bodied than the violin's. The viola's mellow voice is frequently used for playing inner harmonies, and it does not enjoy the wide solo repertoire or fame of the violin.
The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin but is larger in size and more variable in its proportions. On average, the "full size" viola's body length is between one and four inches greater than the body of the full size violin. A "full-size" viola averages 16 inches (40 cm). Viola sizes are measured in inches or in centimeters, with an average size of about 16 inches. (Small violas made for children typically reach down to 12 inches, which is equivalent to a "half size" violin). Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a standard "full size." Acoustically the body of a viola would need to measure around 21 inches to match the acoustics of a violin. This large size would make it impractical to play in the same manner as the violin. For centuries violists have experimented with the size and shape of the viola, with viola makers often compensating by tweaking the proportions or shape of the instrument in order to make a viola with a shorter string length and lighter weight which still has a large enough sound box to create the unmistakable "viola sound."
The viola is usually strung with thicker strings than the violin. This, combined with its larger size and lower pitch range, results in a tone which is more mellow and deep. However, a thicker string gauge also means that the viola "speaks" more slowly than its soprano cousin. Practically speaking, if a violist and violinist are playing together, the violist must begin moving the bow a fraction of a second sooner than the violinist does to produce a sound that starts at the same moment as the violinist's sound. The thicker strings also mean that more weight must be applied to the strings in order to play.
The viola's four strings are tuned in fifths: the C an octave below middle C is the lowest, with G, D and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin, so that they have three strings in common — G, D, and A — and is one octave above the cello. Although the violin and viola have 3 strings tuned the same, the tone quality or sound colour is rather different, although some musicians and non players may find it difficult to tell the difference
The viola bow is slightly longer than that of the violin, with a wider band of horse-hair, particularly noticeable near the frog. Viola bows (70 to 74 g) are heavier than violin bows (58 to 61 g). Bowing technique differs from violin bowing in that more weight must be applied to pull sound from the strings. Viola bows may be about 3/16" (5 mm) shorter and 1/3 oz. (10 g) heavier.
The violoncello, or the cello, is a bowed stringed instrument, the lowest-sounding member of the violin family. The cello is popular in many capacities: as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and also as a foundation of the modern orchestral sound.
Standard-sized celli are referred to as "full-size". However, celli come in smaller (fractional) sizes, from "seven-eighths" and "three-quarter" down to "one-sixteenth" sized celli (e.g. 7/8, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16). The smaller-sized celli are identical to standard cellos in construction, range, and usage, but are simply 'scaled-down' for the benefit of children and shorter adults. A "half-size" cello is not actually half the size of a "full-size", but only slightly smaller. Many smaller cellists prefer to play a "seven-eighths" cello as the hand stretches in the lower positions are less demanding. Although rare, celli in sizes larger than four-fourths do exist. Cellists with unusually large hands may play a slightly larger than full-sized cello.
The cello produces a deep, rich, and vibrant sound. The cello reaches the lowest pitch in the traditional string quartet and is capable of covering nearly the entire range of pitches produced by the human voice. In the upper register, many celli may be said to have a "tenor-like" timbre. The lowest possible pitch is CC, two octaves below middle C. The highest pitch (without considering harmonics) on the fingerboard is somewhere around F#6, played on the A string.
The cello has four strings referred to by their standard tuning, which is in perfect fifth intervals: the A-string (highest sounding), D-string, G-string, and C-string (lowest sounding). The A-string is tuned to the pitch A3 (below middle C), the D-string a fifth lower at D3, the G-string a fifth below that at G2, and the C-string tuned to C2 (two octaves lower than middle C).
While the lower range of the cello is limited by the tuning of the lowest string (typically C2, two octaves below middle C), the upper range of the cello varies according to the skill of the player, and length of the fingerboard. A general guideline when writing for professional cellists sets the upper limit at C6 (two octaves above middle C), although even higher pitches are possible, up to one extra octave. Because of the extended range of the instrument, music for the cello frequently alternates between the bass clef, tenor clef, and treble clef.
The cello is larger than the violin and the viola but smaller than the double bass. Like the other members of the violin family, the cello has four strings. Its strings are normally tuned to the pitches (from high to low) A, D, G, and C (A3, D3, G2, and C2 in scientific pitch notation). The strings are tuned one octave lower than the viola, and one octave plus one fifth lower than the violin (see Tuning and range). The cello is played in an upright position, held by the knees of a seated musician, resting on a spike called the endpin. The player draws the bow horizontally across the strings, making them vibrate. The cello is a complex instrument consisting of many different parts. Although the majority of it is composed of wood, some parts can be made of steel or other metals and/or composite material. Modern strings have a steel, gut, nylon or other synthetic core, covered with various kinds of metal winding.
In general, the cello has the same parts as the previous members of the violin family. Internally, the cello has two important features: a bass bar, which is glued to the underside of the top of the instrument, and a round wooden sound post, which is wedged between the top and bottom plates. The bass bar, found under the bass foot of the bridge, serves to support the cello's top and distribute the vibrations. The sound post, found under the treble side of the bridge, connects the back and front of the cello. Like the bridge, the sound post is not glued, but is kept in place by the tensions of the bridge and strings. Together, the bass bar and sound post are responsible for transferring the strings' vibrations to the body of the instrument, which in turn transfers them to the air mass inside the instrument, thus producing sound.
Traditionally, bow sticks are made from Pernambuco (high quality) or brazilwood (lower quality). Both woods come from the same species of tree (Caesalpina echinata), but Pernambuco is the heartwood of the tree and is much darker (Brazilwood is stained/painted dark to compensate). Pernambuco is a heavy, resinous wood with great elasticity and high sound velocity which makes it an ideal wood for instrument bows.
The bow hair is horsehair, though synthetic hair in different colors is also available. The hair is coated with rosin periodically to make it grip the strings and cause them to vibrate. The dimensions of the cello bow are 73cm long, 3cm high (from the frog to the stick) and 1.5 cm wide.
The Double Bass
The double bass is the largest and lowest pitched bowed string instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra.
The double bass is generally - possibly mistakenly - regarded as the only modern descendant of the viola da gamba family of instruments, a family which originated in Europe in the 15th century, and as such it can be described as a "bass viol."
The double bass' proportions are dissimilar to those of the violin; for example, it is deeper (the distance from top to back is proportionally much greater than the violin). In addition, while the violin has bulging shoulders, most double basses have shoulders carved with a more acute slope, like members of the viola da gamba family. Many very old double basses have had their shoulders cut or sloped to aid playing with modern techniques. Before these modifications, the design of their shoulders was closer to instruments of the violin family.
The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like viola da gambas), rather than fifths.
The design of the double bass, in contrast to the instruments in the violin family, has never been fully standardized.
The double bass features many parts that are similar to members of the violin family including a bridge, f-holes, a tailpiece and a scroll.
Unlike the rest of the violin family, the double bass still reflects influence and can be considered partly derived from the viol family of instruments, in particular the violone, the bass member of the viol family.
The double bass also differs from members of the violin family in that the shoulders are (sometimes) sloped, the back is often angled (both to allow easier access to the instrument, particularly in the upper range) and machine heads are almost always used for tuning.
The sound and tone of the double bass is distinct from that of the fretted bass guitar and is similar to a cello. The differences in sound come from several sources.
The double bass's strings are stopped by the finger directly on the wooden fingerboard. This tends to make the string buzz against the fingerboard near the stopped position. The fretted bass guitar's strings are stopped with the aid of metal frets and buzzing does not generally occur.
Also, the double bass is an acoustic instrument with a hollow body that selectively amplifies the tone of the plucked or bowed strings.
The double bass is closest in construction to violins, but has some notable similarities to the violone (literally "large viol")--the largest and lowest member of the viola da gamba family.
An important distinction between the double bass and other members of the violin family is the construction of the pegbox. While the violin, viola, and cello all use friction pegs for gross tuning adjustments, the double bass has machine heads. This development makes fine tuners unnecessary. At the base of the double bass is a metal spike called the endpin, which rests on the floor. This endpin is generally more robust than that of a cello, due to the greater mass of the instrument.
The soundpost and bass bar are components of the internal construction. The materials most often used are maple (back, neck, ribs), spruce (top), and ebony (fingerboard, tailpiece).
All parts are glued together except the soundpost, bridge, nut and saddle, which are kept in place by string tension. The tuning machines are attached to the sides of the pegbox with wood screws. The key on the tuning machine turns a worm, driving a worm gear that winds the string.
Historically, strings were made of gut, but since the 20th century steel has largely replaced gut due to its better playability. Gut strings are nowadays mostly used by individual players who prefer their tone. Gut strings are more vulnerable to changes of humidity and temperature, and they break much more easily than steel strings. The change from gut to steel has also affected the instrument's playing technique over the last hundred years, because playing with steel strings allows the strings to be set up closer to the fingerboard, and, additionally, steel strings can be played in higher positions on the lower strings and still produce clear tone.
The double bass is generally tuned in fourths, in contrast to the other members of the orchestral string family, which are all tuned in fifths. This avoids too long a finger stretch (known as an "extension"). Modern double basses are usually tuned (low to high) E-A-D-G. The lowest string is tuned to E (the same pitch as the lowest E on a modern piano, approx 41Hz), nearly 3 octaves below middle C ); and the highest string is tuned to G, an octave and a fourth below middle C (approx 98Hz).
Professional bass players with four-string double basses sometimes have a low "C extension" which extends the lowest string down as far as low C, an octave below the lowest note on the cello (more rarely, this string may be tuned to a low B). The extension is an extra section of fingerboard mounted up over the head of the bass, which requires the player to reach back over the pegs to play, or use a mechanical lever system. Notes below low "E" appear regularly in double bass parts in the Baroque and Classical eras, when the double bass was typically doubling the cello part an octave below. As well, in the Romantic era and the 20th-century, composers such as Mahler and Prokofiev specifically requested notes below the low "E."
A small number of bass players choose to tune their strings in fifths, like a cello but an octave lower (C-G-D-A low to high). This tuning is mostly used by jazz players, as the major tenth can be played easily without a position shift, but is increasingly used by classical players. Tuning in fifths can also make the instrument louder, because the strings have more common overtones, causing the strings to vibrate sympathetically.
In classical solo playing the double bass is usually tuned a whole tone higher (F#-B-E-A). This higher tuning is called "solo tuning," whereas the regular tuning is known as "orchestral tuning." String tension differs so much between solo and orchestral tuning that a different set of strings is often employed that has a lighter gauge. It is not uncommon for students that require solo tuning for a short period of time to tune up orchestra strings. Therefore the strings are always labelled for either solo or orchestral. Sometimes published solo music is also arranged especially for either solo or orchestral tuning.
The bass (or F) clef is used for most orchestral double bass music. The lowest note of a double bass is an E1 (on standard four-string basses) at 41.20 Hz or a B0 (when 5 strings are used) at 30.87 hertz, and the highest notes are almost down at the bridge.
The double bass bow comes in two distinct forms. The "French" or "overhand" bow is similar in shape and implementation to the bow used on the other members of the orchestral string instrument family, while the "German" or "Butler" bow is typically broader and shorter, and is held with the right hand grasping the frog in a loose fist.
These two bows provide for different ways of moving the arm and distributing force on the strings. The French bow, because of the angle the hand holds the bow, is touted to be more maneuverable and provide the player with better control of the bow. The German bow is claimed to allow the player to apply more arm weight- and thus more force- on the strings. The differences between the two, however, are minute for a proficient player trained in using his/her respective bow. Both bows are used by modern players, and the choice between the two is a matter of personal preference.
SOURCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violoncello
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/piano
Professor Shangkuan's power point presentation “Why Study Music Theory”
Horns, Strings, and Harmony by
The Physics of Musical Instruments by
The World Book Encyclopedia 1990 vol 13, 15, 20,
Encarta
not to me. us. kiddin.
everybody, almost 90%, were wearing black. good mourning. wahaha. since i'm so pasaway, i wore green. best friends talaga kami ni mayie. walang usap2...WE WERE WEARING GREEN!!!
katsie gave us red ribbons tied around our right wrists. reminds me of the good old WORLD AIDS DAY at Saint Scho... :D
our day started so kulit. marga and i had to sing first for the solfege duet. whatever you call that. ohwell. marga is the girl bajo.really low voice :D
after that, we had a fun game about the phrygian cadence. i was kindda stuid to say mixolydian mode. wtf. i didn't even look at the blanks. obviously, mixolydian mode has MORE letters.
well, our group lost. whatever. atleast, aj said : "we're prettier." haha. kiddin. consolation ng mga talo. yeah right.
after theory class, katsie gave out red balloons naman. yehey. atleast, someone gave me. yehey.
mayie, kuya ian, ate jj, and i went to SC. they will go online kasi and mayie doesn't have her hanky with her.
we first passed by the book store. wow. i really love it. if only i had lots of money. T,T anyway, i saw a cheap thrill there. a beatles cd. pirated of course. i hope it will play later sa player namin...
I COULD HAVE DIED TWICE TODAY. ALL BECAUSE OF CARS. i almost got hit by a taxi and an orange honda jazz. i think. texting while walking. sheiks. and looking only at the right side. very confident pa ako. un ala sa left, meron. lolz.
fastforward....
ok. si jp kasi. sobrang inasar ako after kong matuto ng laud dahil walang mga banduria sa locker. lahat nakalock. ayun nga. pinaiyak niya ko. almost. kasi sabi niya "what if un bestfriend mo na nga un gusto ng gusto mo..?"
like who cares? pero masakit un, diba? common. but what can i do?!? likeable naman talaga si mayie. at hindi ko na siya gusto. un tinutukoy ni jp. anu ba? well, yeah, i still have a percent of me liking him but AYOKO na. ok? :D on the process of getting over :D
ayun. i was trying to find an empty practice room. unfortunately, WALA. hindi ko maaaral un aking POLONAISE. T,T bakit kasi bagong piesa pa?
at nag SUNKEN GARDEN nln kami: yna, phoebe, marga, wen, and i. date namin si JP . yeahba. i had my first cigarette puff. what could i say? wala. it wasn't that great at all. goudang tasted like candy. i wished i just had doublemint, db? i didn't like it. for the sake of curiousity lang talaga.
food trip.
then camerata. oh yeah. we made someone cry. shitty.crapy. it's because of one insensitive, immature person. oh whatever. everyone's entitled to their own opinions. foul mouthed biatch. that's what s/he calls him/herself. crapy asshole.
ok. hindi na natuloy un bonding namin nila ace. ok lang. ayoko naman makita un mga tao dun taos ako walang kasama na <3. oh di ba? aminin. nakakaselos din dahba????
hehe.
hinahanap na ko sa bahay.
mwahmwah :D
(shity. hindi tumutunog un beatles ko!!!)
- Location:internet shop where i broke a headset before
- Mood: crappy
- Music:asian mass. yeah.
"kyyyyyrieeeehehe... a---MEN---a--MEN... 1-2-123-1-2-12...credo in unumdeum patrem omnipotetem... et incarnatus est de spiritu sancto (hmmm...)... SANCtus SANCtus SANCtus... quiii VEnit quii VENit... agnus dei (agnus dei) qui tolis (qui) pecatta mundi..."
this is how i see the words' flow in my head.
i really can't imagine that i was a part of the performers that night. well, it was a graded thing but i really enjoyed it.
(exposure din yun ah :D)
oh well, it was a great learning experience for me :D
(oops... to be continued... need to go to my alma mater now na... sorry guys i can't come to watch the opera and be a dashing usher T,T ohwell, 'part of life' :D good luck kit :D and kuya sorceror :D)
i really can't imagine that i was a part of the performers that night. well, it was a graded thing but i really enjoyed it.
(exposure din yun ah :D)
oh well, it was a great learning experience for me :D
(oops... to be continued... need to go to my alma mater now na... sorry guys i can't come to watch the opera and be a dashing usher T,T ohwell, 'part of life' :D good luck kit :D and kuya sorceror :D)
ok so 10 wEirD things about me:
10. i don't really like my course but i'm enjoying it because i have "no" choice.
~i only took entrance exams in two schools: UP and Saint Scholastica's College. Fortunately, I passed both exams. My parents don't like the idea of me going to a far away school. I'm still a baby to them. They said that the school's name says it all. I can see them smile whenever people ask my school. oh well. shifting takes a lot of time. and papers. i hate doing paperwork. so 4 more years. :D
nevertheless, i am enjoying music. a lot :D
9. i love sharpening pencils. with my yellow sharpener.
~ask my seatmates. especially my theory seatmates: marga, jorem, and tomy. i love snatching their pencils from their hands. the sound rally amazes me. :D yehey. and i sharpen my pencil an average of 5 times every usage.
8. my teacher used to tell me that my handwriting sucks.
~"parang kahig ng manok mga sulat niyo..."
i was in grade two then. it really hurt my ego. from that moment, i promised myself, i'll write the most beautiful. i've been secretary four times. people ask me to write things for them. that's how tried and tested my handwriting is. :D
7. i got sick after reciting a poem.
~12 years ago, when i was in prep, i recited "little miss muffet" infront of the whole level. i really didn't remember but my mom told me that i got fever after that. stage fright. still, i'm not over it. but i need to be!!! MUSIC is my COURSE!!!
6. i really am gullible.
~i believe almost everything that other people tell me. i don't have my own stand. i'm trying to be firm with my decisions and my beliefs. i guess that's what happens when we mature. :D
5. i used to hate blogs.
~really. it was just last year that i learned to love the blog. i used to condemn people who write in blogs. i don't see the beauty of exposing your feelings to others. but now, i do. especially when people comment on my stories. feel sooooo nice :D
4. i used to hate math.
~"...ok, those without hmeworks, stand at the back and do your homeworks..."
grade 1 student. no assignment. haha. i forgot to do my math assignment. i think that was about fractions. anyway, i really shook just by hearing the word math. i rally hated math period. but in
grade 5, we had this board contest about MDAS. our row won. that was the start of my math "career". hehe. i think it was just a matter of predisposition towards the subject matter.
3. i love our puppies but i'm waiting for their mother to die.
~i am waiting for the day our b*tch dies. it's because i want a CAT!!! she kills all our kittens. that's so unfair!!!!
2. a jack of all trades, a master of none.
~a very sad thing for me. i know alot but i don't know my forte. i don't know where i am going. i don't know what my future will be. for me, anything goes. god's will be done :D
and...
1. I LOVE PAIN :D
~di na ko nadala. masakit na nga, ginagawa pa. like when my gums bleed, i make it bleed even more.
it's so sarap!!! hehe. ticklish ung feeling :D anyway, pain. pain. when it's time to let go of the pain, here it goes coming back. hirap. hehe. so what could i do? just "enjoy" it. XD
I TAG:
EPHY, DANTE, LEN, JOSSA, ACE, MIKA :D
